Table 3.
Associations of plant-based diet scores with incident CKDa
| Diet Index | Quintiles of Plant-Based Diet Scores | P for Trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall plant-based diet index | Q1 (n=3386) | Q2 (n=2463) | Q3 (n=3680) | Q4 (n=2365) | Q5 (n=2792) | |
| IR per 100,000 PY | 4.0 (3.7 to 4.2) | 3.9 (3.7 to 4.2) | 3.9 (3.7 to 4.1) | 3.5 (3.3 to 3.8) | 3.6 (3.3 to 3.8) | |
| Model 1b | Ref. | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.12) | 0.98 (0.90 to 1.07) | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.96) | 0.90 (0.81 to 0.99) | 0.004 |
| Model 2c | Ref. | 1.03 (0.93 to 1.14) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.08) | 0.91 (0.83 to 1.02) | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.03) | 0.06 |
| Model 3d | Ref. | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.15) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.05) | 0.90 (0.82 to 1.00) | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.04) | 0.07 |
| Healthy plant-based diet index | Q1 (n=3067) | Q2 (n=3214) | Q3 (n=2554) | Q4 (n=3407) | Q5 (n=2444) | |
| IR per 100,000 PY | 4.1 (3.8 to 4.3) | 3.9 (3.7 to 4.2) | 3.7 (3.4 to 3.9) | 3.6 (3.5 to 3.9) | 3.5 (3.3 to 3.8) | |
| Model 1b | Ref. | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.03) | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.97) | 0.84 (0.77 to 0.91) | 0.81 (0.73 to 0.88) | 0.001 |
| Model 2c | Ref. | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.06) | 0.92 (0.85 to 1.01) | 0.88 (0.80 to 0.96) | 0.86 (0.78 to 0.96) | 0.001 |
| Model 3d | Ref. | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.07) | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.05) | 0.91 (0.83 to 0.99) | 0.91 (0.82 to 0.99) | 0.02 |
| Less healthy plant-based diet index | Q1 (n=2982) | Q2 (n=3254) | Q3 (n=2631) | Q4 (n=2891) | Q5 (n=2928) | |
| IR per 100,000 PY | 3.6 (3.4 to 3.8) | 3.8 (3.6 to 4.0) | 3.8 (3.6 to 4.1) | 3.8 (3.6 to 4.0) | 3.9 (3.6 to 4.2) | |
| Model 1b | Ref. | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.15) | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.17) | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.20) | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.25) | 0.005 |
| Model 2c | Ref. | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.15) | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.16) | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.17) | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.21) | 0.04 |
| Model 3d | Ref. | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.20) | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.24) | 1.13 (1.03 to 1.25) | 1.18 (1.07 to 1.30) | 0.001 |
| Provegetarian diet index | Q1 (n=3607) | Q2 (n=3227) | Q3 (n=2306) | Q4 (n=2768) | Q5 (n=2778) | |
| IR per 100,000 PY | 3.9 (3.7 to 4.1) | 3.8 (3.6 to 4.1) | 3.8 (3.6 to 4.1) | 3.7 (3.5 to 4.0) | 3.6 (3.4 to 3.8) | |
| Model 1b | Ref. | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.05) | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.03) | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.99) | 0.85 (0.78 to 0.94) | 0.002 |
| Model 2c | Ref. | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.05) | 0.93 (0.85 to 1.01) | 0.90 (0.82 to 0.99) | 0.03 |
| Model 3d | Ref. | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.05) | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.04) | 0.91 (0.83 to 0.99) | 0.91 (0.82 to 0.99) | 0.02 |
Q, quintile; IR, incidence rate; PY, person-years; Ref., reference.
a
Cell contents are incidence rates or adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for incident CKD.
b
Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, race-center, and total energy intake.
c
Model 2 was adjusted for covariates in model 1 plus education, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and margarine consumption.
d
Model 3 was adjusted for covariates in model 2 plus baseline total cholesterol, lipid-lowering medication use, kidney function (two linear spline terms with one knot at 90 ml/min per 1.73 m2), hypertension, diabetes, and body mass index.