Figure 2. Macrophage metabolic profiles of M1‐ and M2‐polarised cells.

M1 activated macrophages are reported to have elevated HIF‐1α expression associated with an increase in the utilisation of the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway (left). Conversely, these cells demonstrate a reduced activity of mitochondrial respiration with the TCA cycle being broken at two points: after citrate and after succinate. Alternatively, activated M2 macrophages (right) show upregulated HIF‐2α expression and are characterised by increased fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial respiratory chain activity.