Table 2.
Factor and overall survival associations via the Cox proportional hazards regression model in the training cohort (n = 828)
| Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prognostic factor | HR | 95% CI | P | HR | 95% CI | P |
| Factors selected | ||||||
| Age | 1.004 | 0.992–1.017 | 0.500 | 1.003 | 0.990–1.017 | 0.600 |
| Age’† | 1.030 | 1.014–1.047 | < 0.001 | 1.027 | 1.009–1.044 | 0.002 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | Ref | — | — | Ref | — | — |
| Male | 1.427 | 1.196–1.703 | < 0.001 | 1.486 | 1.241–1.779 | < 0.001 |
| Histology | ||||||
| Biphasic | Ref | — | — | Ref | — | — |
| Epithelioid | 0.689 | 0.554–0.859 | < 0.001 | 0.682 | 0.543–0.855 | < 0.001 |
| Fibrous | 1.675 | 1.244–2.254 | < 0.001 | 1.478 | 1.088–2.005 | 0.012 |
| Mesothelioma | 0.878 | 0.693–1.113 | 0.283 | 0.734 | 0.574–0.939 | 0.014 |
| Differentiation | ||||||
| Well or moderately | Ref | — | — | Ref | — | — |
| Poorly | 2.463 | 1.469–4.131 | < 0.001 | 2.312 | 1.362–3.921 | 0.002 |
| Undifferentiated | 2.228 | 1.147–4.328 | 0.018 | 1.468 | 0.738–2.916 | 0.273 |
| NOS | 1.868 | 1.209–2.887 | 0.005 | 1.735 | 1.113–2.704 | 0.015 |
| Chemotherapy | ||||||
| Yes | Ref | — | — | Ref | — | — |
| No | 1.350 | 1.168–1.561 | < 0.001 | 1.319 | 1.130–1.538 | < 0.001 |
| N stage | ||||||
| N0 | Ref | — | — | Ref | — | — |
| N1 | 0.950 | 0.766–1.178 | 0.640 | 1.342 | 1.068–1.685 | 0.012 |
| N2 | 1.122 | 0.928–1.357 | 0.235 | 1.409 | 1.155–1.718 | < 0.001 |
| N3 | 1.333 | 0.732–2.426 | 0.348 | 1.480 | 0.809–2.707 | 0.203 |
| NX | 1.356 | 0.884–2.080 | 0.162 | 1.006 | 0.647–1.561 | 0.980 |
| Lymph node dissection | ||||||
| 1–3 removed | Ref | — | — | Ref | — | — |
| ≥ 4 removed | 0.880 | 0.661–1.171 | 0.380 | 0.968 | 0.722–1.296 | 0.827 |
| None/unknown | 1.382 | 1.053–1.814 | 0.019 | 1.350 | 1.025–1.776 | 0.032 |
| Type of surgery | ||||||
| NOS | Ref | — | — | Ref | — | — |
| Palliative | 1.093 | 0.789–1.514 | 0.592 | 1.234 | 0.868–1.753 | 0.240 |
| Radical | 0.819 | 0.581–1.155 | 0.255 | 1.077 | 0.739–1.572 | 0.698 |
| Factors not selected | ||||||
| Race | ||||||
| White | Ref | — | — | |||
| Black | 0.981 | 0.672–1.431 | 0.920 | |||
| Other | 0.689 | 0.458–1.035 | 0.073 | |||
| Radiotherapy | ||||||
| Yes | Ref | — | — | |||
| No | 1.278 | 1.088–1.501 | 0.003 | |||
| Primary tumor location | ||||||
| Bilateral | Ref | — | — | |||
| Left‐sided | 1.171 | 0.657–2.087 | 0.593 | |||
| Right‐sided | 1.326 | 0.748–2.353 | 0.334 | |||
| Clinical stage | ||||||
| I | Ref | — | — | |||
| II | 0.988 | 0.772–1.265 | 0.924 | |||
| III | 0.920 | 0.737–1.148 | 0.460 | |||
| IV | 1.202 | 0.966–1.467 | 0.099 | |||
| T stage | ||||||
| T1 | Ref | — | — | |||
| T2 | 1.056 | 0.855–1.305 | 0.611 | |||
| T3 | 0.930 | 0.752–1.151 | 0.503 | |||
| T4 | 1.177 | 0.953–1.454 | 0.130 | |||
| TX | 1.085 | 0.402–2.930 | 0.873 | |||
| M stage | ||||||
| M0 | Ref | — | — | |||
| M1 | 1.191 | 0.958–1.480 | 0.115 | |||
| MX | 1.512 | 0.717–3.188 | 0.277 | |||
†
Age’ is constructed as a spline variable (when k = 3). A model selection technique based on the Akaike information criteria was used. NOS, not otherwise specified.