Summary of phylogenetic analyses and gene expression experiments. Emergence of protein motifs and expansion of gene families important for cold acclimation are displayed on a schematic Pooideae species tree. The right-hand section depicts expression profiles of de novo transcripts in response to long- and short-term cold treatment of the respective species in the species tree. Expression patterns are approximated from the literature for L. perenne (CBF [Tamura and Yamada, 2007], WCS19/COR14 [Oishi et al., 2010; Ergon et al., 2016], and FST [Hisano et al., 2008; Paina et al., 2014]) and O. sativa (DHN8 [Lee et al., 2005], DHN13 [Aguan et al., 1991], and ctCOR-like [Maruyama et al., 2014]).