Figure 1.

Differences in the release mechanism of MVs derived from activation or apoptosis of cells. (a) Apoptosis inducers activate caspase 3 and further activate ROCK I. (b) Activation inducers increase intracellular calcium and activate translocase and flippase. (c) Both of the mechanisms can lead to cytoskeleton destruction and MV release. The surface of MVs contains specific receptors, ligands, and other bioactivators from mother cells; it also contains DNA, miRNA, proteins, and other cargo.