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Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (a) and 8-isoprostane (b) concentrations in lung homogenate, at the end of the one-month exposure period to either air (control) or waterpipe smoke (WPS) with or without gum Arabic (GA) administration (15% w/v in drinking water). Data are mean ± SEM (n = 6-8 in each group).
