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. 2019 Apr 15;2019:9582714. doi: 10.1155/2019/9582714

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Serum galectin-3 increased following carrageenan or HFD. (a) Serum galectin-3 increased following carrageenan or HFD or their combination (p < 0.001, n = 18). (b) Galectin-3 binding with the insulin receptor increased in the liver and muscle membrane preparations of the treated mice, with the greatest effect following the combined exposure (p < 0.001, n = 12). (c) In HepG2 cells, the insulin-induced increase in phospho(Tyr)-IRS1 was significantly inhibited by administration of exogenous recombinant human galectin-3 (p < 0.001, n = 3). (d) The insulin-induced glucose uptake in the HepG2 cells was blocked by administration of exogenous recombinant human galectin-3 (p < 0.001, n = 3). (e) The Pearson correlation r between the glucose uptake and the phospho(Tyr)-IRS-1 in the HepG2 cells was 0.985. (f) Activity of the enzyme arylsulfatase B (ARSB; N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase), which removes 4-sulfate groups from the nonreducing end of chondroitin 4-sulfate and dermatan sulfate, was inhibited by exposure to carrageenan, but not by the HFD, in the liver and pancreas of the treated mice (p < 0.001, n = 12). ARSB = arylsulfatase B; CGN = carrageenan; IRS = insulin receptor substrate.