Figure 2.

Gray matter density (GMD) characteristics in probands grouped by DSM-IV-TR diagnoses and their relatives, contrasted with healthy controls (HC). (A) GMD reductions in probands by DSM-IV-TR diagnoses vs. HC. The images show voxelwise t maps for GMD reductions in probands grouped by conventional diagnoses relative to HC. (B) Regional effect sizes for GMD reductions in probands by DSM-IV-TR diagnoses vs. HC. The detected effect sizes are averaged for large brain regions (frontal, temporal, occipital lobes, etc.) across the left and right hemispheres, except for occipital (left) in bipolar probands, where only unilateral effect was depicted. No regional between-group effects in basal ganglia, thalamus, or cerebellum were found in bipolar probands vs. HC. (C) Whole brain GMD distributions in probands by DSM-IV-TR diagnoses and HC. The histogram plots depict within-group distributions of whole brain GMDs in probands grouped by conventional diagnoses vs. HC. (D) GMD reductions in relatives by DSM-IV-TR diagnoses vs. HC (exploratory findings). The images show voxelwise t maps for GMD reductions in first-degree relatives of probands categorized by conventional diagnoses, compared with HC. All t maps (A) and regional effect sizes (B) in probands vs. HC are reported at the primary hypotheses-testing threshold (p < .01, familywise error-corrected, k ≥ 20 voxels). All t maps (D) in relatives vs. HC are reported at the exploratory threshold (p < .05, false discovery rate-corrected, k ≥ 20 voxels); the exploratory nature of analyses in relatives is emphasized by the frame in (D). Images (A) and (D) are displayed in neurological convention; color bars indicate the ranges of t values for each between-group contrast. BD, psychotic bipolar disorder type I probands; SAD, schizoaffective disorder probands; SAD-Rel, relatives of SAD probands; SZ, probands with schizophrenia; SZ-Rel, relatives of SZ probands.