Table 2.

Gray Matter Structure Biomarkers in Biotypes and Conventional Diagnoses

Biomarker-Based Biotype Constructs				Symptom-Based Conventional Diagnoses
Biotypes vs. HC				Diagnoses vs. HC
Probands				Probands
	B1	B2	B3	SZ	SAD	BD
HC	↓↓↓	↓↓	↓	↓↓	↓↓	↓
Relatives				Relatives
	B1-Rel	B2-Rel	B3-Rel	SZ-Rel	SAD-Rel	BD-Rel
HC	↓/Anterior	*↓/Posterior	=	4	↓↓	=
	Biotypes Separation				Biotypes Separation
	Probands vs. Probands				Probands vs. Probands
	B1	B2			SZ	SAD
B3	↓↓	↓		BD	↓	↓↓
	Relatives vs. Relatives				Relatives vs. Relatives
	B1-Rel	B2-Rel
B3-Rel	*↓/Anterior	*↓/Posterior			No differences

Arrows indicate gray matter density reductions across study groups; the number of arrows corresponds to the following mean effect sizes, based on the range of effect sizes observed in our analyses: ↓, ≤ 0.55; ↓↓, 0.56–0.74; and ↓↓↓, ≥ 0.75. Asterisks indicate mean effect size derived from the exploratory analyses in relatives (p < .05, voxelwise false discovery rate, k ≥ 20 voxels) where no effects survived the stringent primary statistical threshold; the rest of the mean effect sizes were computed based on the primary threshold (p < .01, voxelwise familywise error, k ≥ 20 voxels).

B1, Biotype 1 probands; B1-Rel, relatives of Biotype 1 probands; B2, Biotype 2 probands; B2-Rel, relatives of Biotype 2 probands; B3, Biotype 3 probands; B3-Rel, relatives of Biotype 3 probands; BD, probands with psychotic bipolar type I disorder; BD-Rel, relatives of probands with psychotic bipolar type I disorder; HC, healthy controls; SAD, probands with schizoaffective disorder; SAD-Rel, relatives of probands with schizoaffective disorder; SZ, probands with schizophrenia; SZ-Rel, relatives of SZ probands.