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. 2019 Apr 10;286(1900):20190433. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0433

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© 2019 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 1. — Lethal effects of FPF vary based on (a,b) combination with another pesticide (PRO), (c) bee worker type and (d) season. In (a,b), lethal synergistic effects of FPF + PRO on bee survival across time and worker type ((a) in-hive bees; (b) foragers). We tested the individual effects of FPF (blue dashed lines) and PRO (green dashed lines) and compared their expected (orange full lines) and observed (red full lines) combined effects, on bee mortality. In (c,d), we show the influence of (c) worker type and (d) season on bee sensitivity to FPF doses, assessed as survival across time. Asterisks indicate significant (a,b) synergistic (significant difference between mortality of expected and observed combined treatment; binomial proportion tests, Holm corrected; n = 390; electronic supplementary material, table S3) or (c,d) individual (Kaplan–Meier^DS; n = 1440; electronic supplementary material, table S6) effects of FPF at specific time assessments (*p = 0.05, **p = 0.01, ***p = 0.001, ****p = 0.0001).