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. 2019 Apr 10;286(1900):20190433. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0433

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© 2019 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 3. — Sublethal (frequency of bees exhibiting abnormal behaviour) effects of FPF in combination with another pesticide (PRO). On the left (a,b), the synergistic effects of FPF and PRO across time (1–4 h after treatment) and worker type (in-hive bees: (a); foragers: (b)). We tested the individual effects of FPF and PRO and compared their expected (orange) and observed (red) combined effects (a,b, binomial proportion tests, Holm corrected; n = 390, electronic supplementary material, table S4). Because PRO alone did not alter bee behaviour alone, we only show the expected and observed results (a,b). On the right (c,d), sublethal effects of (c) FPF (750–12 000 ng FPF bee⁻¹) and (d) FPF + PRO (375–6000 ng FPF bee⁻¹, 7000 ng PRO bee⁻¹) as compared with each respective control (mixed model_REML, contrast test^DS, Dunn–Sidak corrected; n = 342; electronic supplementary material, tables S7 and S8). We show the effects observed in summer, pooled by worker type in (c,d). Asterisks indicate significant effects at specific time assessments (*p = 0.05, **p = 0.01, ****p = 0.0001).