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Abundance (a), β-diversity (b), and species richness (c) of macrobenthos at different levels of environmental stress (exposed versus unexposed) and plant density (high versus low) (mean ± s.e.). Asterisks above the bars indicate significant differences (p < 0.05), n.s., not significant. Strong effect of self-organization on β-diversity and richness are found under high- and low-density plants, respectively (dashed box).
