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Continuum (red) and discrete ion (blue) models effectively predict identical counterion migration when the applied potential differs from the potential of zero charge by less than ~100 mV. They diverge significantly, however, at potentials farther from the pzc, with the continuum model predicting ion concentrations in this regime that are unphysical; i.e., concentrations are impossible to reach because they exceed the close packing limit of real ions.
