Fig. 3.

Colonic mucosal immunohistochemistry of proliferative and inflammatory biomarkers. Immunohistochemical analysis of colonic mucosal biopsies taken at colonoscopy with their associated quantitative analysis on the right panel. Decreased expression of the cancer biomarker – Ki67 staining of epithelial crypt cells (a) and inflammatory biomarkers – CD3⁺ staining (b) and CD68⁺ macrophages in the lamina propria (c) in an African American (the first and second panels) and reciprocal changes in a native/rural African (the third and 4th panels left to right) before and after dietary switch. The bar graphs on the far right summarize the group mean ± S.E. results in 20 African Americans and 12 rural Africans. The two-tailed Mann–Whitney U-test was used for comparisons for non-paired samples and the Wilcoxon rank sum test for paired samples, with Bonferroni correction for multivariate comparisons. Triangles indicate significant (P < 0.05) baseline differences and stars indicate significant changes induced by diet switch. Adapted with permission from Nat. Commun., 20156(Apr 28), 6342, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7342”.