Table 1.
Demographics and validity scale descriptive statistics by sample
| Sample 1 (Healthy) | Sample 2 (Cardiac) | Sample 3 (Substance Recovery) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample Characteristics | ||||||
| Sample size | 136 | 96 | 265 | |||
| Mean age (SD) | 31.1 (16.6) | 58.5 (12.5) | 53.7 (11.9) | |||
| Gender (% female) | 83.1 | 71.7 | 61.9 | |||
| Race (% Caucasian) | 71.8 | 88.9 | 76.6 | |||
| Married or cohabitating (%) | 41.1 | 68.7 | N/A | |||
| Employed (% full or part-time) | 50.0 | 51.0 | 60.2 | |||
| Convergent Validity Scales | Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) | Range |
| State Optimism (modified LOT-R) | 23.0 (5.1) | 6–30 | 23.3 (6.2) | 6–30 | N/A | |
| Trait Optimism (LOT-R) | 21.6 (5.7) | 6–30 | 22.8 (5.6) | 9–30 | 21.9 (5.6) | 6–30 |
| Gratitude (GQ-6) | 36.3 (5.4) | 13–42 | 35.6 (6.1) | 13–42 | N/A | |
| Hope (AHS) | 36.0 (7.4) | 10–48 | 34.2 (10.6) | 8–48 | N/A | |
| Positive Affect (PANAS positive) | 31.1 (9.1) | 11–50 | 32.6 (9.7) | 13–49 | N/A | |
| Life Satisfaction (SWLS) | 24.6 (7.3) | 5–35 | 22.1 (8.3) | 6–35 | 22.1 (7.3) | 5–35 |
| Subjective Happiness (SHS) | 19.7 (5.7) | 4–28 | 20.5 (5.8) | 5–28 | 18.6 (5.3) | 4–28 |
| Hedonic Capacity | N/A | N/A | 23.4 (4.5) | 9–30 | ||
| General Self-efficacy (GSE) | N/A | N/A | 21.4 (4.6) | 8–30 | ||
| Perceived Stress (PSS-4) | 6.0 (3.1) | 0–14 | 6.2 (3.7) | 0–15 | N/A | |
| Hopelessness (CHRT) | 3.8 (1.9) | 2–10 | 3.6 (1.9) | 2–9 | N/A | |
| Negative (PANAS negative) | 17.7 (7.0) | 10–40 | 18.8 (7.7) | 10–43 | N/A | |
| Depression (HADS-D) (online and inpatient) | 4.0 (3.5) | 0–14 | 5.8 (4.3) | 0–17 | N/A | |
| Depression (CES-D) (university) | 35.7 (8.4) | 24–57 | N/A | N/A | ||
N/A: not available in this sample
Note: LOT-R: Life Orientation Test-Revised, GQ-6: Gratitude Questionnaire, PANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, SWLS: Satisfaction with Life Scale, SHS: Subjective Happiness Scale, GSE: General Self-Efficacy Scale, PSS: Perceived Stress Scale, CHRT: Concise Health Risk Tracking Scale, HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression subscale, CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression scale.