Table 1.
Characteristics of prospective cohort studies investigating food sources of fructose-containing sugar intake and incident gout
| Study, year (reference) | Cohort | Country | Participants | Incident cases | Age (mean years, range) | Follow-up (mean, range) | Dietary assessment | Food source of fructose-containing sugars | Frequency of administration of SFFQ | Quantiles | Exposure (servings/week, mean, range) | Serving size | Outcome assessment | Funding source* |
| Choi et al,26 2008 | HPFS | USA | 46 393 (M) | 755 | 52.5 (40–75) | 12 years | Validated SFFQ | SSBs. Fruit juice. Fruit. |
4 | Quintiles | ¼ to ≥14 | Not reported | Record linkage | Agency and industry |
| Choi et al,27 2010 | NHS | USA | 78 906 (F) | 778 | 49 (30–55) | 22 years | Validated SFFQ | SSBs. Fruit juice. |
4 | Sextiles | ¼ to ≥14 | Not reported | Self-reported | Agency |
| Williams, 28 2008 | NRHS | USA | 28 990 (M) | 228 | 44.9 | 7.7 years (5.9–9.6) | Validated SFFQ | Fruit. | 1 (baseline) | Quartiles | ¼ to 2 (0–≥2) |
Not reported | Self-reported | Agency |
*Agency funding is that from government, university or not-for-profit health agency sources.
F, females; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; M, males; NHS, Nurses Health Study; NRHS, National Runner’s Health Study; SFFQ, semi-quantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaire; SSBs, sugar-sweetened beverages.