Table 1.
Baseline demographical, obstetrical and sleep habit characteristics for participants included in the primary analysis
| Treatment (n=83) | Sham (n=84) | |
| Age (years) | 29 (27 to 31) | 29 (28 to 32) |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 28.0 (26.4 to 28.2) | 28.0 (27.0 to 29.0) |
| Gravidity | ||
| 1 | 21 (25%) | 33 (39%) |
| ≥2 | 62 (75%) | 51 (61%) |
| Parity | ||
| 0 | 30 (36%) | 40 (48%) |
| ≥1 | 53 (64%) | 44 (52%) |
| Education level | ||
| Tertiary | 51 (61%) | 50 (60%) |
| Vocational | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) |
| Senior high | 15 (18%) | 26 (33%) |
| Junior high | 12 (14%) | 5 (7%) |
| Primary | 3 (4%) | 2 (2%) |
| Undisclosed | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Household income (cedis/month) | 1200 (500 to 2500) [8] | 1400 (600 to 2500) [3] |
| Current BMI (kg/m2) | 28.9±4.2 [2] | 28.8±4.3 [2] |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1±4.1 [2] | 26.2±4.0 [3] |
| Nightly sleep duration (hours)* | 7.8±1.3 [1] | 8.2±1.3 |
| In the last week, usual | ||
| Sleep onset positions | ||
| Left | 42 (51%) | 48 (57%) |
| Supine | 12 (14%) | 10 (12%) |
| Right | 33 (40%) | 29 (34%) |
| Prone | 2 (2%) | 0 (0%) |
| Waking positions | ||
| Left | 30 (36%) | 33 (39%) |
| Supine | 22 (27%) | 18 (21%) |
| Right | 27 (33%) | 34 (40%) |
| Prone | 4 (5%) | 2 (2%) |
| When not pregnant, usual | ||
| Sleep onset positions: | ||
| Left | 6 (7%) | 8 (10%) |
| Supine | 25 (30%) | 28 (33%) |
| Right | 10 (12%) | 9 (11%) |
| Prone | 43 (52%) | 40 (48%) |
| Waking positions | ||
| Left | 12 (14%) | 10 (12%) |
| Supine | 25 (30%) | 33 (39%) |
| Right | 15 (18%) | 14 (17%) |
| Prone | 33 (40%) | 27 (32%) |
| Part of bed sleeps on | ||
| Left | 42 (51%) | 34 (40%) |
| Right | 30 (36%) | 36 (43%) |
| Centre | 12 (14%) | 12 (14%) |
| Pillow use | ||
| None | 3 (4%) | 6 (7%) |
| Under head | 75 (90%) | 75 (89%) |
| Between knees | 7 (8%) | 5 (6%) |
| Under tummy | 4 (5%) | 0 (0%) |
| Behind back | 4 (5%) | 4 (5%) |
| Pregnancy pillow | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Other (under feet or legs) | 2 (2%) | 6 (7%) |
| Sleeps with bed partner | 65 (78%) | 65 (77%) [2] |
| Insecticide treated bed net | 19 (23%) [1] | 19 (23%) [2] |
| Snores ≥3 nights per week | 10 (12%) [1] | 8 (10%) [3] |
| Past medical conditions† | 4 (5%) | 2 (2%) |
Normally distributed continuous variables are reported as mean ±SD. Non-normally distributed continuous variables are presented as median (IQR). Count data are presented as frequency (%). Percentages for responses to some questions may add to greater than 100% because some participants checked more than one box in response to a question, eg, for sleep onset position in the last week, some responded ‘left’ and ‘right’. For the same reason, some count data may add up to more than the number of participants in the randomised group.
Square brackets [number] indicate that this number of participants did not disclose this data. If there are no square brackets, there are no missing data.
Average currency exchange rate for recruitment period: 1 USD=3.84 Cedis.
*Indicates a statistically significant difference between groups for these characteristics.
†Specifically, participants were asked about ‘intrauterine growth restriction, diabetes (gestational or not), hypertension (pre-eclampsia, gestational, chronic) or other medical conditions (please specify)’.
BMI, body mass index.