Table 1.
Summary of the study characteristics of the 36 validation (question 1) and 30 effectiveness (question 2) papers included in the review
| Validation studies (n=36) | N (%) | Effectiveness studies (n=30) | n (%) |
| Type | Type | ||
| Full text | 22 (61.1) | Full text | 21 (70.0) |
| Abstract | 14 (38.9) | Abstract | 9 (30.0) |
| Country | Country | ||
| USA | 15 (41.7) | USA | 18 (60.0) |
| UK | 12 (33.3) | UK | 3 (10.0) |
| Canada | 2 (5.5) | Canada | 2 (6.7) |
| Australia | 0 (0.0) | Australia | 3 (10.0) |
| Other | 5 (13.9) | Other | 3 (10.0) |
| Multiple | 1 (2.8) | Multiple | 1 (3.3) |
| Unclear | 1 (2.8) | Unclear | 0 (0.0) |
| Year of study | Year of study | ||
| Pre-2012 | 10 (27.8) | Pre-2012 | 15 (50.0) |
| 2012 | 3 (8.3) | 2012 | 1 (3.3) |
| 2013 | 6 (16.7) | 2013 | 2 (6.7) |
| 2014 | 5 (13.9) | 2014 | 6 (20.0) |
| 2015 | 7 (19.4) | 2015 | 0 (0.0) |
| 2016 | 2 (5.6) | 2016 | 2 (6.7) |
| 2017 | 3 (8.3) | 2017 | 1 (3.3) |
| 2018 | 0 (0.0) | 2018 | 3 (10.0) |
| Setting | Setting | ||
| Specialist/tertiary | 33 (91.7) | Specialist/tertiary | 29 (96.7) |
| Non-specialist/community | 0 (0.0) | Non-specialist/community | 1 (3.3) |
| Unclear | 3 (8.3) | Unclear | 0 (0.0) |
| Single-centre/multicentre | Single-centre/multicentre | ||
| Single-centre | 35 (97.2) | Single-centre | 28 (93.3) |
| Multicentre | 1 (2.8) | Multicentre | 2 (6.7) |
| Study population | Study population | ||
| General inpatients | 23 (63.9) | General inpatients | 20 (66.6) |
| Specialist population | 11 (30.6) | Specialist population | 5 (16.7) |
| Unclear | 2 (5.6) | Unclear | 5 (16.7) |
| Study design | Study design | ||
| Case-control | 18 (50.0) | Uncontrolled before-after | 26 (86.7) |
| Case/chart review | 10 (27.8) | Controlled before-after | 1 (3.3) |
| Cohort | 7 (19.4) | Interrupted time series | 2 (6.7) |
| Pilot study | 1 (2.8) | Cluster randomised trial | 1 (3.3) |