Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study participants by incidence of anemia of chronic disease (ACD).
| Characteristics | Overall | No incident ACD | Incident ACD | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 265,459 | 260,553 | 4,906 | <0.001 |
| Age (years)a | 37.7 (8.0) | 37.7 (8.0) | 38.5 (9.0) | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 58.3 | 59.0 | 20.1 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 24.7 | 25.0 | 8.8 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake (%)c | 17.4 | 17.6 | 8.0 | <0.001 |
| Vigorous exercise (%)d | 14.7 | 14.7 | 13.7 | 0.046 |
| High education level (%) | 82.5 | 82.6 | 76.7 | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 3.1 | 3.0 | 4.8 | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome (%) | 13.7 | 13.8 | 8.6 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 11.5 | 11.5 | 9.3 | <0.001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 30.4 | 30.7 | 15.6 | <0.001 |
| COPD (%) | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.009 |
| Obesity (%) | 28.3 | 28.6 | 14.1 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 (3.2) | 23.3 (3.2) | 22.0 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)a | 111.4 (13.5) | 111.5 (13.5) | 106.6 (14.4) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg)a | 71.9 (9.9) | 72.0 (9.8) | 68.1 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl)a | 5.4 (1.4) | 5.4 (1.4) | 4.6 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| eGFR | 93.8 (15.4) | 93.8 (15.4) | 94.9 (17.6) | <0.001 |
| Hb (mg/dl)a | 14.7 (1.4) | 14.7 (1.4) | 13.0 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dl)a | 94.3 (14.1) | 94.3 (14.0) | 94.0 (20.6) | 0.164 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl)a | 191.7 (33.4) | 191.8 (33.4) | 185.6 (33.5) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl)a | 113.5 (30.2) | 113.6 (30.2) | 104.8 (29.0) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl)a | 56.3 (13.8) | 56.2 (13.8) | 60.3 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl)b | 95 (67–142) | 96 (67–142) | 76 (57–109) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin (mg/dl)b | 89.0 (40.7–165.7) | 90.2 (41.1–167.2) | 49.9 (29.8–84.4) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/l)b | 20 (14–29) | 20 (14–29) | 15 (12–21) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/l)b | 21 (18–26) | 21 (18–26) | 20 (16–24) | <0.001 |
| GGT (U/l)b | 20 (13–35) | 20 (13–35) | 13 (10–21) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IRb | 1.59 (1.05–2.22) | 1.59 (1.05–2.22) | 1.51 (0.94–2.06) | <0.001 |
| hsCRP (mg/l)b | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 0.3 (0.2–0.8) | <0.001 |
Data are
ameans (standard deviation)
bmedians (interquartile range), or percentages.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.
c ≥ 20 g of ethanol per day
d ≥ 3 time per week