Table 2. Development of anemia of chronic disease (ACD) based on chronic diseases in the prospective cohort study.
| Person-years | Incident ACD | Incidence Density (per 1000 person-years) | Age and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) |
Multivariate adjusted HR a (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| eGFR | |||||
| ≥60 | 1,362,098.0 | 4,801 | 3.5 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 30~60 | 6,501.0 | 98 | 15.1 | 3.24 (2.63–4.00) | 3.93 (3.18–4.85) |
| <30 | 72.8 | 7 | 96.2 | 30.85 (14.66–64.93) | 39.11 (18.50–82.69) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Diabetic status | |||||
| Normal | 908,913.4 | 3,102 | 3.4 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Prediabetes | 422,096.3 | 1,569 | 3.7 | 1.19 (1.12–1.26) | 1.19 (1.12–1.27) |
| Diabetes | 37,638.8 | 235 | 6.2 | 2.24 (1.95–2.57) | 2.46 (2.14–2.84) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Number of Metabolic syndrome trait | |||||
| 0 | 577,599.1 | 2,846 | 4.9 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1 | 367,303.6 | 1,155 | 3.1 | 0.82 (0.76–0.88) | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) |
| 2 | 231,672.2 | 479 | 2.1 | 0.67 (0.60–0.74) | 0.83 (0.74–0.92) |
| ≥3 | 190,890.7 | 420 | 2.2 | 0.78 (0.70–0.87) | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.261 | |||
| BP category | |||||
| Normal | 814,636.7 | 3,648 | 4.5 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Prehypertension | 398,740.4 | 796 | 2.0 | 0.70 (0.65–0.76) | 0.79 (0.73–0.86) |
| Hypertension | 154,289.7 | 458 | 3.0 | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | 1.10 (0.99–0.23) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.223 | |||
| Chronic liver disease | |||||
| No | 1,314,000.0 | 4,748 | 3.6 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 54,691.2 | 158 | 2.9 | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) | 0.90 (0.77–1.05) |
| COPD | |||||
| No | 1,335,104.6 | 4,776 | 3.6 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 21,248.0 | 58 | 2.7 | 0.84 (0.65–1.09) | 0.87 (0.67–1.12) |
| BMI category | |||||
| <18.5 | 66,554.5 | 418 | 6.3 | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 0.89 (0.78–1.00) |
| 18.5~22.9 | 587,934.8 | 2,952 | 5.0 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 22.9~24.9 | 322,610.4 | 844 | 2.6 | 0.80 (0.74–0.86) | 0.89 (0.80–0.99) |
| ≥25 | 391,407.6 | 691 | 1.8 | 0.64 (0.59–0.70) | 0.78 (0.66–0.91) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.044 |
a Estimated from the logistic regression model.
Multivariate model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, center, year of screening exam, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity and education level: Model 2: model 1 plus adjustment for obesity, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, hypertension, COPD, metabolic syndrome, and chronic liver disease Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence intervals; OR, odd ratios.