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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 6.
Published in final edited form as: Sci Signal. 2017 Oct 10;10(500):eaal4055. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aal4055

Fig. 1. Hyperthermia-induced congenital defects in neural crest-dependent tissues.

Fig. 1.

(A) Alcian blue and alizarin red stained craniofacial features of HH36 heads for control and hyperthermia-exposed chicks. Upper beak measurement extended from the quadratojugal (white arrowhead) to the tip of the upper beak (black arrowhead). (B) Upper beak length was normalized to femur lengths for control (black) and hyperthermia-exposed (red) chicks. (C) Graph of upper beak length to femur length ratios for control and hyperthermia chicks. (D) Whole mount and histological sections of HH36 hearts from control (normothermia) and hyperthermia-exposed embryos. The white and black arrows in the whole mount images highlight the alignment of the aorta (Ao) and pulmonary trunk (P) in control heart compared to the hyperthermia-exposed heart. Histological sections of the whole mount hearts at the level of the ventricular septum and the outflow vessel semilunar valves. Dashed lines indicate the plane of outflow tract septation. Sections through the hyperthermia-exposed DORV heart with a perimembranous VSD (*) and a rightward shift of the aorta in relation to the pulmonary trunk (dashed line). Gross and histological analysis of heart anatomy was performed in 60 normothermia hearts and 49 hyperthermia-exposed hearts. Tricuspid valve (TV), mitral valve (MV). (E) Percentage of conotruncal defects in control (0%, n=60 hearts) and hyperthermia groups (12%, n=6/49 hearts). (F) Representative histological sections through the aorta and pulmonary trunk used to compare the luminal areas (arrows) of normothermic and hyperthermia-exposed hearts distal to the valves at the level of the left coronary artery (white arrowhead). Bar = 200μm. (G) Average Cavalieri probe estimates of the luminal cross-sectional areas of the aorta and pulmonary trunk immediately distal to the respective semilunar valves. Significance was determined using unpaired t-test(C,G) or Fishers exact test (E). *P<0.0001. The number of biological replicates is indicated by n in the graphs in (C, E, and G).