Table 1.

Avoidance distance, chute and crush scores used for this study

Category	Score
Responses to an approaching experimenter	Avoidance score
Animal avoided the approaching person at a distance <3 m away but ≥2 m away	1
Animal avoided the approaching person at a distance <2 m but ≥1 m away	2
Animal avoided the approaching person at a distance <1 m but ≥0 m away	3
Behaviour displayed in the chute	Chute score
No resistance to movement	1
Moves entire body to and fro rhythmically at least twice	2
Uneasy, head, body, tail and feet movements, hides head under another cow’s abdomen	3
Active escape behaviour	4
Rears and needs encouragement to move forward	5
Stupor/refusing to move requiring force to probe forward	6
Behaviour exhibited in the crush (modified from Geburt et al [28])	Crush score
Cow is calm with no movement	1
Cow is slightly excited with minimal movement	2
Cow is nervous and occasionally shakes the crush	3
Cow is agitated and continuously moves and shakes the crush	4
Cow is very agitated and exhibits escape behaviour, animals may kneel/fall	5