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. 2019 May 6;9:6978. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43295-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Study design and sample collection. Nasal epithelial brushings were obtained from active smokers enrolled in smoking-cessation programs at Boston University Medical Center (BUMC) and the University of Minnesota (UMN). Samples were obtained at baseline and at 4, 8, 16 and 24 weeks post-smoking-cessation. Initially we obtained only 50 samples from 12 active smokers as some of the participants did not show up for all the post smoking-cessation follow ups (n = 10). Urine cotinine, exhaled carbon monoxide or serum anatabine and anabasine levels were used in the BUMC and UMN cohorts to assess tobacco abstinence. RNA isolated from nasal brushings was processed and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneST arrays. Array quality was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA) resulting in 33 samples from 8 individuals for further analysis.