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. 2019 May 6;9:6945. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43192-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Overview of terminology used in this work. The last two moults subdivide the development of the male pedipalp into a pre-subadult, subadult, and adult stage. Bulb morphogenesis begins at the end of the pre-subadult stage and continues throughout the subadult phase. The drawings depict the typical appearance of the male pedipalp during the three stages.