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. 2019 May 6;9:6945. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43192-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Formation of the bulb primordium at the pre-subadult stage. (a) Confocal LSM scan of the pedipalp tip. Distal is to the right. The ovoid primordium abuts the claw of the subadult cuticle that has already formed below the cuticle of the pre-subadult. (b) dice-µCT scan showing a cross-section roughly at the middle of the ovoid primordium. The primordium is internalised and surrounded by hypodermis. (c) Confocal LSM scan of the tarsus, distal to the right. The focal plane is set so as to show the wrinkled cuticle of the subadult beneath the smooth cuticle of the pre-subadult. Scale bar in all panels: 100 µm. Abbreviations: bu-pr, bulb primordium; cl-psa, claw of the pre-subadult; cl-sa, claw of the subadult; cu-psa, cuticle of the pre-subadult; cu-sa, cuticle of the subadult; hy, hypodermis.