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. 2019 May 6;9:6926. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43498-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Morphology of lettuce (at harvest) planted in varied light treatments. The black bars indicate 5 cm. R: monochromatic red light for 16 h over a 16-hour photoperiod; B: monochromatic blue light for 16 h over a 16-hour photoperiod; RB: simultaneous red and blue light for 8 h over a 24-hour period; R/RB/B: light switching from monochromatic red (lasted for 4 h) to simultaneous red and blue (lasted for 4 h) and then to monochromatic blue (lasted for 4 h) over a 24-hour period; R/B(4 h): alternating red and blue light with an interval of 4 h over a 16-hour photoperiod; R/B(1 h): alternating red and blue light with an interval of 1 h over a 16-hour photoperiod.