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. 2019 May 6;9:6951. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43311-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The distribution of CD4 and CD8 T cell cytokine-producing subsets and polyfunctionality of IL-17-producing CD4 T cells in blood and rectal mucosa (RM) among HIV positive men. Definition of subsets: CD4 + IL17A + were identified as Th17, CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺ as Th1, and CD8⁺IFN-γ⁺ as Tc1 cells. IL-17A and IFN-γ-producing T cells were identified as Th17/Th1 cells. (a) Median, minimum and maximum frequencies of CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets expressed as percentages. (b) Scatter plots of the defined CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets in blood (blue circles) and RM (red circles). (c) Comparison of the frequencies of polyfunctional Th17 cells between blood (blue triangles) and RM (red triangles). Cytokine expression profiles are based on TNF-α and IFN-γ secretion by IL-17A-producing CD4 T cells. (d) Pie graphs representing data from (c) demonstrating that the majority of Th17 cells are single IL17A-producers in the blood and rectal mucosa. Error bars represent means ± SD; statistically significant findings were considered when p < 0.05 (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test).