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. 2019 May 6;9:6951. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43311-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Polyfunctionality of IL-17-producing CD4 and CD8 T cells among HIV negative men. (a) Cytokine expression profiles based on IL-4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ secretion by IL-17A-producing CD4 and CD8 T cells in the rectal mucosa. (b) Pie graphs representing data from (a) showing that the majority of rectal mucosal IL-17A-producing CD8 T cells are multi-cytokine-producers compared to IL-17A-producing CD4 T cells which are more likely to be single IL-17A- or dual IL-17A⁺TNF-α⁺-producers. (c) Comparison of the frequencies of polyfunctional Th17 cells between blood (blue triangles) and RM (red triangles). Error bars represent means ± SD; statistically significant findings were considered when p < 0.05 (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test). A generalized Hotelling’s test³³ (R package “GHT”) was used to compare the overall distribution of cytokine production cells between the Th and Tc subsets in RM (a, p = 0.002) and to compare differential cytokine production by the Th17 subsets between blood and RM compartments (c, p = 0.0001).