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. 2019 May 6;9:6940. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43460-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of average firing rate, f_aver, on estimated metabolic cost of different temporal patterns of neural activity. (A,B) Left: total ATP consumption at f_intra = 50 Hz and 200 Hz. Right: percent change in total ATP consumption (mean ± SD across five patterns). (C,D) ATP consumption required to reverse the ionic fluxes through each of I_Naf, I_CaT, and I_NaL at f_intra = 50 Hz and 200 Hz.