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. 2019 May 6;9:6940. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43460-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Metabolic cost of pairs of APs as a function of the inter-pulse interval reflect the contributions of afterpotentials. (A) Sample responses and underlying currents (including I_Naf, I_CaT, and I_NaL). Negative currents were inward. Two depolarizing pulses (amplitude: 40 nA, width: 0.1 ms) were applied to the cell body, and the inter-pulse interval was Δt = 20 ms. (B) Top: afterpotentials on the same time scale as the inter-stimulus interval, Δt. Bottom: percent change in ATP cost for the 2^nd AP relative to the 1^st AP as a function of Δt. The interval Δt was calculated by 1/f_aver, and f_aver was from 5 Hz to 250 Hz at a step size of 5 Hz. (C) Fast Na⁺ currents underlying two APs at f_aver = 10 Hz, 50 Hz, and 200 Hz.