Table 4.
Summary of linear mixed effects model analysis for acoustic predictors of perceived formidability based on utterances and roars.
| Predictors | Estimate | t | P | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Utterances | F0 (Hz) | −0.017 | −3.326 | 0.002 | −0.027, −0.007 |
| F3 (Hz) | −0.0001 | −1.213 | 0.233 | −0.003, 0.00006 | |
| HNR (dB) | 0.007 | 0.194 | 0.847 | −0.061, 0.074 | |
| Intensity (dB) | 0.140 | 4.663 | <0.001 | 0.081, 0.199 | |
| Duration (s) | −0.023 | −0.691 | 0.494 | −0.088, 0.042 | |
| Roars | F0 (Hz) | 0.005 | 3.31 | 0.002 | 0.002, 0.008 |
| F3 (Hz) | −0.00004 | −1.59 | 0.121 | −0.00009, 0.00001 | |
| HNR (dB) | −0.070 | −6.13 | < 0.001 | −0.093, −0.048 | |
| Intensity (dB) | 0.911 | 4.29 | < 0.001 | 0.495, 1.328 | |
| Duration (s) | 0.125 | 6.96 | < 0.001 | 0.090, 0.160 |