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. 2019 Apr 30;10:399. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00399

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Copyright © 2019 Auti and Kulkarni.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of cardamom oil on BDNF expression in hippocampus tissue (400X). (a) Normal control: Hippocampus: showing mild enhanced expression of BDNF, exhibited by brown coloration at hippocampal neurons (arrow) {Immunostaining: BDNF, 400X}, (b) AlCl₃ group: Hippocampus: showing reduced expression of BDNF, exhibited by brown coloration at hippocampal neurons (arrow) {Immunostaining: BDNF, 400X}, (c) AlCl₃ + Donepezil hydrochloride (1 mg/kg): Hippocampus: showing moderately enhanced expression of BDNF, exhibited by brown coloration at hippocampal neurons (arrow) {Immunostaining: BDNF, 400X}, (d) AlCl₃ + Cardamom oil (100 mg/kg): Hippocampus: showing reduced expression of BDNF, exhibited by brown coloration at hippocampal neurons (arrow) {Immunostaining: BDNF, 400X}, (e) AlCl₃ + Cardamom oil (200 mg/kg): Hippocampus: showing normal histology, mild enhanced expression of BDNF, exhibited by brown coloration at hippocampal neurons (arrow) {Immunostaining: BDNF, 400X}, (f) Histogram of IHC. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), ##p < 0.01 when compared with normal control, ^**p < 0.01, ^*p < 0.05 when compared with disease control group. The magnification was 400X. AlCl₃, Aluminum chloride; SEM, Standard Error of Mean; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; IHC, Immunohistochemistry.