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. 2019 Apr 30;10:925. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00925

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Copyright © 2019 Ray, Pandey, Pandey, Srivastava, Shanker and Kalra.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Upregulation of multiple genes involved in morphine biosynthesis due to inoculation of a consortium of endophytes. SM1B (Acinetobacter) endophytes upregulated the expression of most of the genes of BIAs pathway except T6ODM and CODM whereas SM3B (Marmoricola sp.) inoculation upregulated the T6ODM and CODM. Consortium-inoculation (SM1B+SM3B) could enhance the morphine production by upregulating, the expression of most of the BIA biosynthetic genes (TYDC, NCS, 6OMT, CNMT, NMCH, SalSyn, SalR, SalAT, COR) involved in morphine biosynthesis to a greater extent, than that of single-inoculations. Expression of different genes was presented in square boxes. Red color of boxes indicate upregulated expression (intensity of red color shows the level of expression, i.e., more red more expression and vice versa), yellow color shows the level of expression in non-inoculated endophyte free control plants and light yellow color shows downregulated expression. Enzyme abbreviations: TyrAT, tyrosine aminotransferase; TYDC, tyrosine/ dopa decarboxylase; NCS, norcoclaurine synthase; 6OMT, (S)-norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase; CNMT, (S)- coclaurine N-methyltransferase; NMCH, (S)-N-methylcoclaurine 3-hydroxylase; 4-OMT, (S)-30-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine 4-O-methyltransferase; DRS, 1,2-dehydroreticuline synthase; SalSyn, salutaridine synthase; SalR, salutaridine reductase; SalAT, salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase; T6ODM, thebaine 6-O-demethylase; COR, codeinone reductase; CODM, codeine O-demethylase.