Figure 4.

Oncolytic Viruses Stimulate the Tumor Microenvironment and Synergize with ICI

Schematic representation of different stages of tumor suppression using combination therapy involving oncolytic viruses (OVs) and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Initially, tumor cells are infected with OVs resulting in the release of cytokines, chemokines, and viral transgene which triggers immune responses. A further treatment of those infected cells with immune checkpoint inhibitors mount additional immune responses, resulting in the killing of most cancer cells.