Table 1.
OVs in Combination with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors That Are in Preclinical and Clinical Testing
| Pre-clinical Works |
Clinical Trials |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virus | DNA/ RNA Virus | Viral Engineering | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor | Disease Treated | Viral Engineering | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor | Disease Treated | Reference |
| Measles virus | –ssRNA | for expression of anti-PDL1 and anti-CTLA4 | anti- PDL1 and anti-CTLA4 | malignant melanoma | – | – | – | 118 |
| Adenovirus | dsDNA | for expression of TNFα or IL-2 | anti- PD-1 | melanoma | DNX-2401 (express modified E1A gene) and ONCOS-102 (express modified GM-CSF, E1A gene and fiber knob region) | pembrolizumab (anti-PD1) | glioblastoma and advanced melanoma | 74, 76 ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02798406,81 and NCT03003676 |
| Herpes simplex virus | dsDNA | for expression of GM-CSF and IL-12 | anti- PD-L1 and anti-CTLA4 | glioblastoma multiforme | T-VEC (express GM-CSF gene) | ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4) and pembrolizumab (anti-PD1) | advanced melanoma | 47, 63, 119, 120 |
| Vaccinia virus | dsDNA | for expression of CXCL-11 | anti-PD-L1 | colon and ovarian cancer | JX-594 phase 3 clinical trial | PDL1 and CTLA-1 | renal carcinoma |
68, 69, 70 H. Chon and C. Kim, 2018, Am. Soc. Cancer Res., abstract |
| WR.B18R-.TK | anti-CTLA4 | renal adenocarcinoma | – | – | – | – | ||
| VVWR/TK−RR−/FCU1 | anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 | sarcoma | – | – | – | – | ||
| Maraba virus | −ssRNA | MG1 strain (native) | anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA4 | breast cancer | MG1-MAGEA3 (express the melanoma-associated antigen A3 [MAGE-A3]) | pembrolizumab (anti-PD1) | non-small cell lung cancer, metastatic melanoma, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma | 92 ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02879760 and NCT03773744 |
| Reovirus | dsRNA | no engineering | anti-PD1 | melanoma | Reolysin | pembrolizumab (anti-PD1) | – | 83, 85 ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02620423 |
| Coxsackievirus | +ssRNA | Coxsackievirus A21 (native) | anti- PD1 and anti-CTLA4 | melanoma | Coxsackievirus A21 | pembrolizumab(anti-PD1) and ipilimumab(anti-CTLA4) | advanced melanoma and bladder cancer | H. Pandha et al., 2017, Am Soc Cancer Res., abstract; B. Curti et al., 2017, M. Yuan Quah et al., 2016, Am Soc Cancer Res., abstract |
| Vescicular somatitis virus | −ssRNA | for expression of IFNβ and NIS | anti-PD-L1 | glioma | VSV-hIFNβ-NIS | avelumab (anti-PD-L1) and pembrolizumab (anti-PD1) | refractory metastatic solid tumors and refractory non-small cell lung cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma | 108 ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02923466, NCT03647163 |
| HIF-2α, Sox10, and cMyc | anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 | myeloid leukemia | – | – | – | 110 | ||
| Myxoma virus | dsDNA | for expression of the soluble form of PD1 | – | melanoma | – | – | – | 113 |
| Newcastle disease virus | −ssRNA | for expression of influenza NS1 | anti-CTLA4 | melanoma, adenocarcinoma, and colon carcinoma | – | – | – | 43 |
| Semliki Forest virus | +ssRNA | for expression of IL-12 | anti-PD1 and anti- PDL1 | melanoma and colon cancer | – | – | – | 117 |