Table 1.
Lifestyle and psychosocial characteristics of participants at age 64 years
| Men (n = 1113) | Women (n = 1203) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mental condition | |||
| Depressive mood† | 172 (15.5) | 259 (21.6) | 0.001 |
| Mental strain | |||
| Seldom | 610 (55.1) | 423 (35.2) | < 0.001 |
| Sometimes | 455 (41.1) | 686 (57.1) | |
| Always | 42 (3.8) | 93 (7.7) | |
| Life satisfaction‡ | |||
| Low (≤ 4) | 392 (35.3) | 441 (36.7) | 0.39 |
| Medium (5–6) | 422 (38.0) | 424 (35.3) | |
| High (≥ 7) | 296 (26.7) | 337 (28.0) | |
| Nighttime awakening | |||
| Seldom | 250 (22.5) | 249 (20.7) | 0.146 |
| Once | 463 (41.6) | 549 (45.6) | |
| Twice or more | 400 (35.9) | 405 (33.7) | |
| Daily habits | |||
| Smoking | |||
| Never | 224 (20.1) | 1106 (91.9) | < 0.001 |
| Past | 547 (49.2) | 62 (5.2) | |
| Current | 341 (30.7) | 35 (2.9) | |
| Daily ethanol intake§ | |||
| Seldom | 341 (31.7) | 954 (82.0) | < 0.001 |
| ≤ 23 g | 460 (42.8) | 198 (17.0) | |
| > 23 g | 274 (25.5) | 12 (1.0) | |
| Regular exercise | |||
| Seldom | 400 (36.0) | 483 (40.2) | 0.081 |
| < 1/week | 108 (9.7) | 98 (8.2) | |
| ≥ 1/week | 604 (54.3) | 621 (51.7) | |
| Daily walking time | |||
| < 30 min | 182 (16.4) | 96 (8.1) | < 0.001 |
| 30 min to 1 h | 389 (35.1) | 305 (25.6) | |
| ≥ 1 h | 539 (48.6) | 792 (66.4) | |
| Gait speed | |||
| Slow | 97 (8.7) | 155 (12.9) | 0.003 |
| Medium | 872 (78.4) | 882 (73.4) | |
| Fast | 143 (12.9) | 164 (13.7) | |
| Daily sleeping hours | |||
| < 6 h | 69 (6.2) | 154 (12.8) | < 0.001 |
| 6–8 h | 714 (64.2) | 836 (64.5) | |
| 8 h | 330 (28.7) | 213 (17.7) | |
| Social activities | |||
| Current working | 639 (58.1) | 309 (25.9) | < 0.001 |
| Participation in community activities | 904 (81.2) | 1021 (84.9) | 0.019 |
| Environment | |||
| Final educational status | |||
| Junior high school | 282 (25.4) | 384 (32.0) | < 0.001 |
| Senior high school | 452 (40.7) | 617 (51.4) | |
| Junior college or higher | 376 (33.9) | 199 (16.6) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Never, widowed, or divorced | 42 (3.8) | 196 (16.4) | < 0.001 |
| Presently married | 1071 (96.2) | 1003 (83.7) | |
| Number of family members living together | |||
| 0 | 13 (1.2) | 74 (6.4) | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 540 (48.3) | 611 (52.5) | |
| ≥ 2 | 543 (49.5) | 478 (41.1) | |
Values are expressed as number (percentage). Percentage was calculated by excluding missing data
†Participants whose score on the Geriatric Depression Scale was 6 or more
‡Life satisfaction index-K
§Mean daily ethanol intake was calculated from the type, amount, and frequency of alcoholic beverages