Table 2.
Association of lifestyle/psychosocial factors at age 64 years with reduced competence in daily living at age 70 years (males)
| Decline in competence in daily living† | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| + (n = 110) |
− (n = 1003) |
OR (95% CI) | P for trend | OR (95% CI) | P for trend | |
| Mental condition | ||||||
| Depressive mood‡ | 26 (23.6) | 146 (14.6) | 1.82 (1.13–2.92) | 1.14 (0.83–1.96) | ||
| Mental strain | ||||||
| Seldom | 64 (58.2) | 552 (55.0) | 1 | 0.962 | ||
| Sometimes | 39 (35.5) | 416 (41.5) | 0.81 (0.53–1.23) | |||
| Always | 7 (6.4) | 35 (3.5) | 1.73 (0.74–4.04) | |||
| Life satisfaction§ | ||||||
| Low (≤ 4) | 54 (49.1) | 338 (33.7) | 1 | 0.003 | 1 | 0.239 |
| Medium (5–6) | 35 (31.8) | 390 (38.9) | 0.56 (0.36–0.88) | 0.73 (0.45–1.20) | ||
| High (≥ 7) | 21 (19.1) | 275 (27.4) | 0.48 (0.28–0.81) | 0.73 (0.40–1.32) | ||
| Nighttime awakening | ||||||
| Seldom | 18 (16.4) | 232 (23.1) | 1 | 0.003 | 1 | 0.005 |
| Once | 37 (33.6) | 426 (42.5) | 1.12 (0.62–2.01) | 1.22 (0.66–2.24) | ||
| ≥ 2 times | 55 (50.0) | 345 (34.4) | 2.05 (1.18–3.59) | 2.14 (1.19–3.86) | ||
| Daily habit | ||||||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | 24 (21.8) | 200 (19.9) | 1 | 0.179 | ||
| Past | 41 (37.3) | 507 (50.5) | 0.67 (0.40–1.14) | |||
| Current | 45 (40.9) | 296 (29.5) | 1.27 (0.75–2.15) | |||
| Daily ethanol intake¶ | ||||||
| Seldom | 42 (38.2) | 299 (29.8) | 1 | 0.231 | 1 | 0.328 |
| ≤ 23 g | 42 (38.2) | 462 (46.1) | 0.64 (0.41–1.02) | 0.75 (0.46–1.22) | ||
| > 23 g | 26 (23.6) | 242 (24.1) | 0.76 (0.46–1.28) | 0.78 (0.45–1.35) | ||
| Regular exercise | ||||||
| Seldom | 53 (48.2) | 347 (34.6) | 1 | 0.007 | 1 | 0.122 |
| < 1/week | 9 (8.2) | 99 (9.9) | 0.60 (0.28–1.25) | 0.85 (0.39–1.83) | ||
| ≥ 1/week | 48 (43.6) | 557 (55.5) | 0.56 (0.37–0.85) | 0.70 (0.45–1.10) | ||
| Daily walking time | ||||||
| < 30 min | 19 (17.3) | 163 (16.3) | 1 | 0.756 | ||
| 30 min to 1 h | 39 (35.5) | 353 (35.2) | 0.95 (0.53–1.69) | |||
| ≥ 1 h | 52 (47.3) | 487 (48.6) | 0.92 (0.53–1.59) | |||
| Gait speed | ||||||
| Slowly | 21 (19.1) | 76 (7.6) | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | < 0.001 |
| Medium | 83 (75.5) | 790 (78.8) | 0.38 (0.22–0.65) | 0.37 (0.21–0.67) | ||
| Faster | 6 (5.5) | 137 (13.7) | 0.16 (0.06–0.41) | 0.21 (0.08–0.58) | ||
| Daily sleeping hours | ||||||
| < 6 h | 11 (10.0) | 58 (5.8) | 1.77 (0.89–3.54) | 0.216 | ||
| 6–8 h | 69 (62.7) | 645 (64.3) | 1 | |||
| ≥ 8 h | 30 (27.3) | 300 (29.9) | 0.93 (0.60–1.47) | |||
| Social activities | ||||||
| Current worker | 64 (58.2) | 589 (58.7) | 0.98 (0.66–1.46) | |||
| Participation in community activities | 88 (80.0) | 816 (81.4) | 0.92 (0.56–1.50) | |||
| Environment | ||||||
| Final educational status | ||||||
| Junior high school | 52 (47.3) | 230 (22.9) | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.001 |
| Senior high school | 29 (26.4) | 425 (42.4) | 0.30 (0.19–0.49) | 0.32 (0.19–0.53) | ||
| Junior college or higher | 29 (26.4) | 348 (34.7) | 0.37 (0.23–0.60) | 0.43 (0.25–0.72) | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never, widowed, or divorced | 8 (7.3) | 34 (3.4) | 1 | |||
| Presently married | 102 (92.7) | 969 (96.6) | 0.45 (0.20–0.99) | |||
| Number of family members living together | ||||||
| 0 | 4 (3.6) | 9 (0.9) | 4.61 (1.37–15.5) | 0.905 | 4.68 (1.22–18.0) | 0.665 |
| 1 | 49 (44.5) | 508 (50.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥ 2 | 57 (51.8) | 486 (48.5) | 1.22 (0.81–1.82) | 1.09 (0.71–1.67) | ||
OR, 95% CI, and P for trend were calculated by using imputation to provide the missing data. Multivariable analysis: adjusted for year of participation and history of hypertension or cerebrovascular disease
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
†Reduced score on the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence of ≥ 2 from 64 years of age
‡Geriatric Depression Scale ≥ 6
§Life satisfaction index-K
¶Mean daily ethanol intake was calculated from the type, amount, and frequency of alcoholic beverages