Table 1.
Baseline characteristics among patients analysed in the multivariable adjusted model according to β-blocker use (n = 22 006) or calcium antagonist use (n = 22 004)
| Variables | β-blockers (n = 17 135) | No β-blockers (n = 4871) | P-value | Calcium antagonists (n = 5885) | No calcium antagonists (n = 16 119) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| REACH cardiovascular event risk score | 11.00 (9.00–13.00) | 11.00 (9.00–13.00) | 11.00 (9.00–13.00) | 11.00 (9.00–13.00) | ||
| 11.2 ± 3.1 | 11.1 ± 3.2 | 0.49 | 11.5 ± 3.1 | 11.0 ± 3.2 | ||
| CV risk factors | ||||||
| Gender male | 78.3% | 78.0% | 0.70 | 74.0% | 79.8% | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 63.3 ± 10.5 | 65.5 ± 10.7 | <0.0001 | 65.7 ± 10.0 | 63.1 ± 10.7 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Current | 12.3% | 11.9% | 10.2% | 13.0% | ||
| Former | 46.5% | 46.8% | 45.3% | 47.0% | ||
| Never | 41.2% | 41.3% | 0.74 | 44.6% | 40.1% | <0.0001 |
| Family history of premature CAD | 29.1% | 28.3% | 0.33 | 29.2% | 28.8% | 0.55 |
| Treated hypertension | 74.0% | 66.1% | <0.0001 | 87.4% | 66.7% | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 30.4% | 26.6% | <0.0001 | 35.8% | 27.3% | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 79.0% | 78.0% | 0.12 | 82.9% | 77.3% | <0.0001 |
| Past medical history | ||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 64.8% | 52.5% | <0.0001 | 52.5% | 65.6% | <0.0001 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 58.9% | 56.8% | 0.01 | 55.6% | 59.5% | <0.0001 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 10.3% | 13.1% | <0.0001 | 14.1% | 9.8% | <0.0001 |
| Carotid disease | 8.9% | 9.0% | 0.82 | 12.0% | 7.8% | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.06 | 5.4% | 3.4% | <0.0001 |
| Hospitalization for CHF | 5.9% | 4.6% | 0.0006 | 5.1% | 5.8% | 0.07 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 7.8% | 7.5% | 0.53 | 8.3% | 7.5% | 0.04 |
| Asthma/COPD | 5.0% | 5.8% | <0.0001 | 10.0% | 6.4% | <0.0001 |
| Clinical examination | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131.0 ± 16.8 | 131.1 ± 15.8 | 0.61 | 135.3 ± 16.7 | 129.5 ± 16.2 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.7 ± 10.0 | 77.2 ± 9.6 | 0.001 | 78.4 ± 10.2 | 77.3 ± 9.8 | <0.0001 |
| Resting heart rate (b.p.m.) | 67.4 ± 10.3 | 69.7 ± 11.3 | <0.0001 | 68.4 ± 10.6 | 67.7 ± 10.6 | <0.0001 |
| Current angina | 25.0% | 21.4% | <0.0001 | 28.1% | 22.8% | <0.0001 |
| Current heart failure symptoms | 20.1% | 13.0% | <0.0001 | 18.9% | 18.4% | 0.43 |
| LVEF measurements | ||||||
| Mean LVEF % | 55.6 ± 11.1 | 58.0 ± 10.4 | <0.0001 | 57.9 ± 10.1 | 55.5 ± 11.2 | <0.0001 |
| LVEF ≤45% | 18.7% | 12.8% | <0.0001 | 12.3% | 19.3% | <0.0001 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Aspirin | 89.1% | 83.8% | <0.0001 | 86.7% | 88.3% | 0.002 |
| Thienopyridine | 28.5% | 29.5% | 0.16 | 28.6% | 28.7% | 0.81 |
| Dual antiplatelet therapy | 28.9% | 27.0% | 0.009 | 26.8% | 28.3% | 0.03 |
| Statins | 85.6% | 79.8% | <0.0001 | 84.1% | 84.4% | 0.49 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 57.2% | 42.7% | <0.0001 | 48.8% | 55.9% | <0.0001 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 25.5% | 31.5% | <0.0001 | 35.6% | 23.6% | <0.0001 |
| β-blockers | NA | NA | NA | 69.6% | 80.9% | <0.0001 |
| Calcium antagonists | 23.9% | 36.7% | <0.0001 | NA | NA | NA |
Data are % for categorical data, and mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) for continuous data depending on the distribution.
CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, chronic heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NA, not available.