Table 3.

Multivariable adjusted associations according to β-blocker use at baseline categorized by the time elapsed since the index MI prior to enrolment

5-Year outcomes	MI ≤1 year				1 year < MI ≤ 3 years				MI >3 years
	(n = 3506)				(n = 2932)				(n = 7222)
	β-blockers (n = 2931)	No β-blockers (n = 575)	HR (95% CI)	P-value	β-blockers (n = 2426)	No β-blockers (n = 506)	HR (95% CI)	P-value	β-blockers (n = 5746)	No β-blockers (n = 1476)	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Primary outcome
All-cause mortality	205 (7.0%)	59 (10.3%)	0.68 (0.50–0.91)	0.01	177 (7.3%)	40 (7.9%)	1.09 (0.76–1.56)	0.63	551 (9.6%)	158 (10.7%)	0.91 (0.84–1.10)	0.33
Secondary outcomes
Cardiovascular mortality	132 (4.5%)	49 (8.5%)	0.52 (0.37–0.73)	0.0001	111 (4.6%)	28 (5.5%)	0.99 (0.64–1.53)	0.96	366 (6.4%)	104 (7.0%)	0.90 (0.72–1.13)	0.37
Cardiovascular mortality/non-fatal MI	212 (7.2%)	59 (10.3%)	0.69 (0.52–0.93)	0.01	173 (7.1%)	37 (7.3%)	1.05 (0.73–1.52)	0.78	513 (8.9%)	132 (8.9%)	1.00 (0.82–1.21)	0.97
Exploratory analyses
Non-CV mortality	73 (2.5%)	10 (1.7%)	1.42 (0.73–2.77)	0.31	66 (2.7%)	12 (2.4%)	1.32 (0.70–2.51)	0.39	185 (3.2%)	54 (3.7%)	0.94 (0.69–1.28)	0.69
MI	122 (4.2%)	27 (4.7%)	0.85 (0.56–1.31)	0.47	88 (3.6%)	15 (3.0%)	1.25 (0.71–2.18)	0.44	222 (3.9%)	51 (3.5%)	1.10 (0.81–1.50)	0.54
Stroke	60 (2.0%)	8 (1.4%)	1.45 (0.69–3.06)	0.33	49 (2.0%)	11 (2.2%)	1.04 (0.52–2.06)	0.91	150 (2.6%)	40 (2.7%)	0.98 (0.69–1.40)	0.92

HRs, CIs, and P-values are derived from comparing β-blocker users to non-users at baseline, with categorization by the time elapsed since MI prior to enrolment, in a survival analysis using Cox proportional hazards models with multivariable adjustment for the REACH cardiovascular event score,²⁶ systolic/diastolic blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction, history of percutaneous coronary artery, coronary artery bypass graft, peripheral artery disease, and asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MI, myocardial infarction.