Table 1. Descriptive Statistics for All Variables Among Urban, Rural, and All Participantsa.
| Characteristic | Mean (SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Urban (n = 4404) | Rural (n = 9928) | Total (N = 14 332) | |
| Depressive symptomsb | |||
| CES-D-10 score, points | 6.88 (6.05) | 8.79 (6.67) | 8.20 (6.54) |
| CES-D-10 score ≥10 | 0.26 (0.44) | 0.38 (0.49) | 0.35 (0.48) |
| Migration status | |||
| Migrant | 0.36 (0.48) | NA | NA |
| Female migrant | 0.20 (0.40) | NA | NA |
| Male migrant | 0.16 (0.37) | NA | NA |
| Economic and social exclusion | |||
| Own current residence | 0.85 (0.35) | NA | NA |
| Have any savings | 0.42 (0.49) | NA | NA |
| Weekly social activities | 0.43 (0.50) | NA | NA |
| Community facilities index | 0.48 (0.25) | NA | NA |
| Time living in current community, y | 32.76 (22.51) | NA | NA |
| Sociodemographic characteristic | |||
| Women | 0.53 (0.50) | 0.51 (0.50) | 0.52 (0.50) |
| Age, y | 60.19 (9.74) | 59.68 (9.40) | 59.84 (9.51) |
| Married | 0.87 (0.33) | 0.87 (0.34) | 0.87 (0.34) |
| Education | |||
| Primary school and below | 0.39 (0.49) | 0.67 (0.47) | 0.59 (0.49) |
| Middle school | 0.24 (0.43) | 0.17 (0.37) | 0.19 (0.39) |
| High school and above | 0.22 (0.41) | 0.05 (0.23) | 0.10 (0.30) |
| Not reported | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.12 (0.33) |
| Household expenditure | |||
| Logarithm of household expenditure, ¥ | 8.59 (3.28) | 8.13 (3.19) | 8.28 (3.23) |
| Not reported | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.12 (0.33) |
| Physical health | |||
| Recently fell down | 0.15 (0.35) | 0.18 (0.39) | 0.17 (0.38) |
| Physical function difficulty | 0.39 (0.49) | 0.46 (0.50) | 0.44 (0.50) |
| Long-term disease | 0.72 (0.45) | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.73 (0.44) |
| Not reported | 0.03 (0.16) | 0.02 (0.15) | 0.02 (0.15) |
| Left-behind relationship | |||
| Family member | NA | 0.34 (0.48) | NA |
| Spouse | NA | 0.06 (0.25) | NA |
| Parent | NA | 0.31 (0.46) | NA |
| Support received from children | |||
| Financial | NA | 0.61 (0.49) | NA |
| Emotionalc | NA | 0.72 (0.45) | NA |
Abbreviations: CES-D-10, 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; NA, not applicable.
a
Variables without units are binary variables, and the means reported refer to the proportions of taking value 1.
b
Possible range of CES-D-10 scores is 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating more severe depressive symptoms.
c
Defined as seeing children once per year.