Table 2.

Variables associated with moderate-to-good pain relief, 2 weeks after ESI

Variable	Number of patients (%)	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P-value
Demographic variables
Age at first intervention, years
≤60	4/9 (44)	Reference
>60	20/33 (61)	1.86 (0.42–8.21)	0.38
Sex
Male	14/23 (61)	Reference
Female	10/19 (53)	0.72 (0.21–2.47)	0.60
Diabetes mellitus
No	19/37 (51)	Reference
Yes	5/5 (100)	10.44 (0.41–265.7)	0.15
Inflammatory disease
No	17/30 (57)	Reference
Yes	7/12 (58)	1.05 (0.27–4.07)	0.94
Malignant disease
No	20/34 (59)	Reference
Yes	4/8 (50)	0.71 (0.15–3.32)	0.66
Concurrent medicationsa
Aspirin
No	23/39 (59)	Reference
Yes	1/3 (33)	0.42 (0.04–4.75)	0.48
Acetaminophen
No	23/40 (58)	Reference
Yes	1/2 (50)	0.75 (0.04–12.77)	0.83
Gabapentin
No	10/18 (56)	Reference
Yes	14/24 (58)	1.12 (0.33–3.84)	0.86
Local anesthetic
No	21/37 (57)	Reference
Yes	3/5 (60)	1.07 (0.16–7.13)	0.94
Opioid
No	19/29 (66)	Reference
Yes	5/13 (38)	0.35 (0.09–1.34)	0.12
SSRI or SNRI
No	24/40 (60)	Reference
Yes	0/2 (0)	0.14 (0–5.86)	0.29
Steroid
No	24/41 (59)	Reference
Yes	0/1 (0)	0.23 (0–23.01)	0.53
Tricyclic antidepressant
No	20/36 (56)	Reference
Yes	4/6 (67)	1.45 (0.24–8.72)	0.68
Symptoms and interventions
Level of ESI
Thoracal	19/29 (66)	Reference
Cervical	1/2 (50)	0.54 (0.03–9.54)	0.76
Lumbar	4/7 (57)	0.69 (0.13–3.7)	0.95
ESI medication
Steroid only	11/15 (73)	Reference
Steroid + local anesthetic	13/22 (59)	0.56 (0.14–2.28)	0.41
Approach of ESI
Interlaminar	23/37 (62)	Reference
Transforaminal	1/1 (100)	1.87 (0.02–184.23)	0.78
Location of cutaneous rash
Thoracic	21/34 (62)	Reference
Cervical	1/1 (100)	1.89 (0.01–183.7)	0.58
Extremity	1/2 (50)	0.63 (0.04–10.93)	0.92
Lumbar	1/5 (20)	0.21 (0.03–1.78)	0.23

Note: ^aNo patients concurrently used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Abbreviations: ESI, epidural steroid injection; SNRI, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.