Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of 5540 Participants With or Without Incident ADL Impairment in Middle Age.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (Weighted %)a | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 5540) | ADL Impairment (n = 1097) | No ADL Impairment (n = 4443) | ||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 53.7 (52.3-55.2) | 53.8 (52.5-55.1) | 53.7 (52.3-55.2) | <.001 |
| Female sex | 2739 (46.0) | 604 (51.5) | 2135 (44.7) | .007 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White non-Latino | 4066 (80.2) | 695 (71.9) | 3371 (82.2) | <.001 |
| Black non-Latino | 833 (9.6) | 225 (13.7) | 608 (8.6) | |
| Latino | 501 (7.2) | 144 (10.5) | 357 (6.5) | |
| Other | 139 (3.0) | 32 (3.9) | 107 (2.8) | |
| Married or partnered | 4252 (75.4) | 777 (69.7) | 3475 (76.7) | <.001 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| <High school education | 1113 (16.2) | 334 (26.7) | 779 (13.7) | <.001 |
| Annual income, quartile, $ | ||||
| ≤32 500 | 1655 (25.5) | 537 (43.2) | 1118 (21.3) | <.001 |
| >32 500 to ≤60 024 | 1504 (25.9) | 264 (24.9) | 1240 (26.2) | |
| >60 024 to ≤98 500 | 1288 (25.3) | 188 (20.0) | 1100 (26.5) | |
| >98 500 | 1093 (23.4) | 108 (12.0) | 985 (26.0) | |
| Net worth, quartile, $ | ||||
| ≤45 000 | 1516 (25.1) | 472 (39.5) | 1044 (21.7) | <.001 |
| >45 00 to ≤137 000 | 1491 (25.6) | 297 (28.1) | 1194 (25.0) | |
| 137 000 to ≤348 500 | 1405 (25.4) | 204 (19.1) | 1201 (26.8) | |
| >348 500 | 1128 (24.0) | 124 (13.4) | 1004 (26.5) | |
| Chronic medical conditions | ||||
| Hypertension | 1696 (28.8) | 455 (39.3) | 1241 (26.4) | <.001 |
| Stroke | 95 (1.6) | 44 (4.0) | 51 (1.1) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 444 (7.4) | 170 (14.7) | 274 (5.7) | <.001 |
| Cardiac disease | 407 (7.0) | 119 (10.6) | 288 (6.2) | <.001 |
| Lung disease | 140 (2.6) | 55 (5.3) | 85 (1.9) | <.001 |
| Cancer | 210 (3.6) | 60 (5.5) | 150 (3.2) | .007 |
| Arthritis | 1498 (25.6) | 474 (43.0) | 1024 (21.5) | <.001 |
| Other health conditions | ||||
| Visual impairment | 707 (12.5) | 251 (22.5) | 456 (10.1) | <.001 |
| Hearing impairment | 589 (10.8) | 166 (15.7) | 423 (9.6) | <.001 |
| Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status score, mean (SD)b,c | 25.0 (2.9) | 23.6 (3.3) | 25.3 (2.8) | <.001 |
| Depression | 829 (15.8) | 283 (27.3) | 546 (12.9) | <.001 |
| Body mass indexd | ||||
| <18.5 | 40 (0.75) | 9 (1.1)e | 31 (0.65) | <.001 |
| 18.5-24.9 | 1636 (29.9) | 219 (20.8) | 1417 (32.0) | |
| 25-29.9 | 2274 (42.3) | 390 (36.8) | 1884 (43.5) | |
| ≥30 | 1512 (27.1) | 458 (41.2) | 1054 (23.9) | |
| Alcohol use, ≥3 drinks/d | 525 (11.8) | 100 (10.8) | 425 (12.0) | .37 |
| Current smoker | 1321 (23.4) | 330 (29.9) | 991 (21.8) | <.001 |
| Infrequent physical activity | 3537 (59.6) | 776 (67.3) | 2761 (57.7) | <.001 |
| Hospitalization | ||||
| 1 Wave prior to functional impairment | 855 (15.5) | 257 (24.0) | 598 (13.5) | <.001 |
| ≥2 Waves prior to functional impairment | 792 (13.8) | 207 (18.2) | 585 (12.7) | |
| Uninsured | 662 (11.1) | 206 (18.0) | 456 (9.5) | <.001 |
| Fair or poor neighborhood safety | 660 (9.4) | 220 (17.5) | 440 (7.5) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; IQR, interquartile range.
a
Percentages weighted to generate nationally representative estimates and account for the complex survey design. Percentages may not sum to 100% because of rounding.
b
Percentage includes those enrolled in 1998 and 2004, as this variable was not available at baseline for participants enrolled in 1992.
c
Mean scores are reported, rather than percentage of participants with cognitive impairment, because no participants met criteria for cognitive impairment at study enrollment.
d
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
e
Estimate based on fewer than 30 records and thus may have lower reliability.