Table 4. Long-term Outcomes of Children With Birth Weight Less Than 400 g Born From 2008 to 2015.
| Variable | No./Total No. (%) |
|---|---|
| All Births | |
| No. | 184 |
| Active treatment at birth | 90/184 (48.9) |
| Death | |
| Before initial discharge | 161/184 (87.5) |
| After initial discharge | 2/23 (9) |
| Lost to follow-up | 2/23 (9) |
| Evaluated at 18-26 mo Corrected Age | |
| No. | 19 |
| Weighta | |
| No. | 19 |
| Median (IQR), kg | 9.6 (8.6 to 11.6) |
| Weight-for-age z score, median (IQR) | −1.4 (−2.2 to 0.2) |
| Lengthb | |
| No. | 19 |
| Median (IQR), cm | 79.4 (76.0 to 82.6) |
| Length-for-age z score, median (IQR) | −2.0 (−2.8 to −1.2) |
| Head circumferencec | |
| No. | 19 |
| Median (IQR), cm | 45.5 (44.5 to 47.0) |
| Head circumference–for-age z score, median (IQR) | −1.4 (−2.0 to −0.1) |
| Growth problemsd | 12/19 (63) |
| Rehospitalization since initial discharge | 12/19 (63) |
| No. of rehospitalizations | |
| 0 | 7/19 (37) |
| 1 | 4/19 (21) |
| 2 | 5/19 (26) |
| 3 | 1/19 (5) |
| 4 | 2/19 (11) |
| Seizure disorder | 0 |
| Medical equipment needed | 8/19 (42) |
| Feeding problemse | 9/16 (56) |
| Pulmonary problems | 7/19 (37) |
| Vision impairment | 5/19 (26) |
| Blindness | 0 |
| Hearing impairment | 1/19 (5) |
| Hearing aids/cochlear implants | 0 |
| Autism spectrum disorder, diagnosed or suspectedf | 0 |
| Abnormal neurological examinationg | 11/19 (58) |
| Any cerebral palsy | 3/19 (16) |
| Mild cerebral palsy | 2/19 (11) |
| Moderate cerebral palsy | 0 |
| Severe cerebral palsy | 1/19 (5) |
| Cognitive composite scoreh | |
| No. | 18 |
| Median (IQR) | 75 (60 to 85) |
| <85 | 11/18 (61) |
| <70 | 6/18 (33) |
| Language composite scoreh | |
| No. | 17 |
| Median (IQR) | 79 (71 to 86) |
| <85 | 11/17 (65) |
| <70 | 4/17 (24) |
| Motor composite scoreh | |
| No. | 18 |
| Median (IQR) | 77.5 (52 to 88) |
| <85 | 12/18 (67) |
| <70 | 7/18 (39) |
| Neurodevelopmental impairmenti | 14/19 (74) |
| Moderate | 5/19 (26) |
| Severe or profound | 9/19 (47) |
| No. of morbiditiesj | |
| 0 | 1/19 (5) |
| 1 | 4/19 (21) |
| 2 | 4/19 (21) |
| 3 or more | 10/19 (53) |
Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.
Weight-for-age z scores were determined based on World Health Organization Child Health Standards. Weight and weight-for-age z scores are set to missing for infants with z scores <−6 or >5.14
Length-for-age z scores were determined based on World Health Organization Child Health Standards. Length and length-for-age z scores are set to missing for infants with z scores <−6 or >6.14
Head circumference–for-age z scores were determined based on World Health Organization Child Health Standards. Head circumference and head circumference–for-age z scores are set to missing for infants with z scores <−5 or >5.15
Growth problems were defined as a z score of –2 or worse for weight-for-age, length-for-age, or head circumference–for-age based on the World Health Organization Child Health Standards.14,15
Data collection on feeding problems began on April 1, 2011, and included any of the following: resists/refuses some/all food by mouth, difficulty with swallowing food, and/or documented aspiration.
Data collection on suspected or diagnosed autism spectrum disorder began on April 1, 2011. Data were obtained from primary caretaker report and from the medical record.
Abnormal neurological examination includes abnormal in the absence of cerebral palsy and abnormal with cerebral palsy.
Cognitive, language, and motor composite scores were based on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition.16
Neurodevelopmental impairment was defined as any of the following: cognitive composite score <85, motor composite score <85, moderate or severe cerebral palsy, gross motor function level ≥2, blindness, or hearing impairment. Moderate neurodevelopmental impairment was defined as any of the following: cognitive composite score of 70 to 84, motor composite score of 70 to 84, moderate cerebral palsy, or gross motor function level 2 or 3. Severe neurodevelopmental impairment was defined as any of the following: cognitive composite score <70, motor composite score <70, severe cerebral palsy, gross motor function level 4 or 5, blindness, or hearing impairment.
Morbidities included were growth problems, pulmonary problems, sensory impairment (vision or hearing), cognitive problems (cognitive composite score <85), and motor problems (motor composite score <85).