Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants (N=200).
| Characteristics | Control group | Intervention group | P value |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 28.0 (3.7) | 28.1 (3.6) | .86 |
| Gestational week (week), mean (SD) | 12.4 (2.2) | 12.2 (2.2) | .49 |
| Height (cm), mean (SD) | 162.4 (5.7) | 161.7 (6.1) | .26 |
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 73.9 (9.5) | 74.2 (9.0) | .69 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 28.0 (3.0) | 28.4 (3.0) | .19 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 120.7 (12.4) | 121.1 (11.2) | .70 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 74.6 (9.9) | 74.6 (10.1) | .98 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.7 (0.6) | 4.7 (0.4) | .56 |
| Insulin (uU/mL), median (IQRa) | 9.5 (6.8-13.5) | 10.0 (6.6-13.9) | .57 |
| HOMA-IRb, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.3-2.7) | 2.0 (1.4-3.0) | .59 |
| HbA1cc (%), mean (SD) | 5.3 (0.8) | 5.2 (0.4) | .44 |
aIQR: interquartile range.
bHOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.
cHbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin.