Table 1. Best-fit parameters for each considered model.

The corresponding root mean squared error between the empirical median absolute orientation time course and best-fit simulation results are also shown (Figure 3G). Each model has 4 free parameters that were fit via nonlinear regression, except for the sensory delays model which has 2 free parameters. Best-fit parameters for the spatiotemporal filtering model at different wind speeds are also shown (Figures 4 and S7). Permutations over timing parameters are shown in Figure S6 for the PID and spatiotemporal filtering models. All α terms have units of º/s. All τ terms have units of s. All proportionality and integral constants (k_p and k_i) have units of Hz. All k_d and β terms are unitless.

Model	P1	P2	P3	P4	RMSE
Spatiotemporal Filtering	αv 18	αw 54	τw 1.7	βw 0.14	12.1º
High Wind (45 cm/s)	αv 18	αw 70	τw 1.7	βw 0.14	—
Low Wind (10 cm/s)	αv 18	αw 33	τw 1.7	βw 0.14	—
Spatial Filtering w/ Sensory Delays	αv 19	αw 15	—	—	17.1º
Dynamic Target Averaging	kp 0.005	γ 1	τw 1.16	βw 0.14	28.2º
PID Feedback Controller	kp,v 0.007	kp,w 0.002	ki,w −2E−06	kd,w −0.014	15.8º