Table 1.
Characteristics of 1,841 participants in this study.
| Characteristics | All participants (n = 1,841) | GDM (n = 167) | Non-GDM (n = 1,674) | P-Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | 28.58 ± 3.27 | 30.07 ± 4.11 | 28.44 ± 3.14 | <0.01 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 20.90 ± 2.87 | 22.32 ± 3.03 | 20.76 ± 2.81 | <0.01 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI categories (kg/m2) | <0.01 | |||
| <18.5 | 336 (18.25) | 12 (7.19) | 324 (19.35) | |
| 18.5–22.99 | 1,162 (63.12) | 84 (50.30) | 1,078 (64.40) | |
| ≥23 | 343 (18.63) | 71 (42.51) | 272 (16.25) | |
| Maternal education | 0.01 | |||
| High school or lower | 355 (19.28) | 47 (28.14) | 308 (18.40) | |
| Some college | 560 (30.42) | 50 (29.94) | 510 (30.47) | |
| University or above | 926 (50.30) | 70 (41.92) | 856 (51.14) | |
| Passive smoking during pregnancy | 0.30 | |||
| No | 1,246 (67.68) | 107 (64.07) | 1,139 (68.04) | |
| Yes | 595 (32.32) | 60 (35.93) | 535 (31.96) | |
| Parity | 0.01 | |||
| 0 | 1,615 (87.72) | 136 (81.44) | 1,479 (88.35) | |
| ≥1 | 226 (12.28) | 31 (18.56) | 195 (11.65) | |
| Fetal sex | 0.57 | |||
| Male | 976 (53.01) | 85 (50.90) | 891 (53.23) | |
| Female | 865 (46.99) | 82 (49.10) | 783 (46.77) |
BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; Data were presented as N (%) and Mean ± SD.
a
p-Values estimates were based on Student's t-test for continuous variables expressed as Mean ± SD, and Pearson chi-squared test for categorical variables expressed as N (%).