Table 3.
Associations of urinary concentrations of bisphenols and GDM.
| Bisphenols | All participants (n = 1,841) | 18.5 q BMI < 23 kg/m2 (n = 1,162) | 23 q BMI < 28 kg/m2 (n = 302) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDM/Total | Model 1 | Model 2 | GDM/Total | Model 1a | Model 2a | GDM/Total | Model 1a | Model 2a | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
| BPA | |||||||||
| Low | 61/613 | Reference | Reference | 24/387 | Reference | Reference | 30103 | Reference | Reference |
| Medium | 51/613 | 0.84 (0.56, 1.26) | 0.84 (0.56, 1.26) | 26/381 | 1.14 (0.64, 2.03) | 1.13 (0.63, 2.03) | 18/105 | 0.53 (0.26, 1.06) | 0.53 (0.26, 1.07) |
| High | 55/615 | 0.94 (0.63, 1.40) | 0.90 (0.60, 1.37) | 34/394 | 1.38 (0.80, 2.39) | 1.22 (0.69, 2.16) | 18/94 | 0.59 (0.29, 1.19) | 0.61 (0.28, 1.31) |
| p for trend | 0.90 | 0.71 | 0.24 | 0.51 | 0.21 | 0.27 | |||
| BPS | |||||||||
| Low | 58/614 | Reference | Reference | 26/366 | Reference | Reference | 25/113 | Reference | Reference |
| Medium | 58/612 | 1.06 (0.71, 1.58) | 1.07 (0.72, 1.60) | 27/394 | 0.94 (0.53, 1.65) | 0.92 (0.52, 1.62) | 25/95 | 1.59 (0.81, 3.15) | 1.66 (0.83, 3.30) |
| High | 51/615 | 0.89 (0.59, 1.34) | 0.84 (0.55, 1.28) | 31/402 | 1.05 (0.61, 1.82) | 0.88 (0.50, 1.55) | 16/94 | 0.79 (0.38, 1.64) | 0.83 (0.38, 1.81) |
| p for trend | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.76 | 0.70 | 0.26 | 0.37 | |||
| BPAF | |||||||||
| Low | 109/1,227 | Reference | Reference | 46/769 | Reference | Reference | 50/223 | Reference | Reference |
| High | 58/614 | 1.24 (0.87, 1.76) | 1.33 (0.91, 1.93) | 38/393 | 1.70 (1.08, 2.67)* | 1.68 (1.03, 2.72)* | 16/79 | 0.97 (0.49, 1.91) | 1.22 (0.57, 2.60) |
| p for trend | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.02* | 0.04* | 0.93 | 0.61 | |||
| BPF (n = 776)b | |||||||||
| Low | 21/258 | Reference | Reference | 9/164 | Reference | Reference | 10/38 | Reference | Reference |
| Medium | 24/258 | 1.24 (0.65, 2.36) | 1.25 (0.65, 2.42) | 14/158 | 1.67 (0.69, 4.09) | 1.55 (0.62, 3.90) | 7/40 | 0.73 (0.23, 2.29) | 0.85 (0.25, 2.85) |
| High | 30/260 | 1.29 (0.69, 2.41) | 1.25 (0.66, 2.38) | 17/157 | 2.06 (0.86, 4.93) | 1.87 (0.75, 4.65) | 12/65 | 0.70 (0.25, 1.96) | 0.93 (0.31, 2.81) |
| p for trend | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.62 | 0.99 | |||
BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus. Model 1: Adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, educational levels, parity, passive smoking and fetal sex. Model 2: Additionally adjusted for other bisphenols based on model 1, for BPA, BPS, BPAF, adjustments was except for BPF due to the differences in sample size.
a
Adjusted for confounders above except for pre-pregnancy BMI.
b
Urine samples of 776 participants were measured for BPF. Among them, 479 women's pre-pregnancy BMI were between 18.5 and 22.9, and 143 participants' pre-pregnancy BMI were between 23 and 27.9 (kg/m2).
*
Significant p-value.