FIGURE 3.

The effect of non-specific porins on envelope stress responses and membrane integrity. (A) The wild-type, ompA, ompC, or ompF mutant cells were serially diluted from 10⁸ to 10⁴ cells/ml in 10-fold steps and spotted onto a LB plate or LB plates with the addition of 2% SDS, 6% ethanol, 750 mM NaCl, or 20 μg/ml CPRG as indicated. (B) The wild-type, ompA ompC, ompA ompF, ompC ompF, or ompA ompC ompF mutant cells were serially diluted 10-fold from 10⁸ to 10⁴ cells/ml and spotted onto a LB plate or LB plates with the addition of 2% SDS, 6% ethanol, 750 mM NaCl, or 20 μg/ml CPRG as indicated. (C) The wild-type or ompA ompC ompF triple mutant cells grown in LB medium were stained with FM4-64 (red), DAPI (blue), and SYTOX green (green), and then spotted on a 1% agarose pad. Cells were visualized using a Nikon Eclipse Ni microscope. Bars, 0.5 μm.