Table 3.
Longitudinal studies reporting progression of arterial stiffness in adults
| Study population |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study, reference | Country | Years of Study initiation | # study participants | Sex (% female) | Mean age baseline | Years between assessment of arterial stiffness | Arterial Stiffness Measure | Change in Arterial Stiffness |
|
| Baseline | Follow-up | ||||||||
| Asymptomatic Polyvascular Abnormalities Community Study (72) | China | 2010–2011 | 7000 | 40.1% | 55.2 | 2 | Brachial-ankle, Oscillometry | Men: 15.8 m/s |
16.7 m/s |
| Women: 14.4 m/s |
15.2 m/s |
||||||||
| Total: 15.2 m/s |
16.0 m/s |
||||||||
| Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging(69) | United States | 1988 | 449 | 55.2% | 55.8 | 4.9 | Carotid-femoral, tonometric | Change per decade: −0.2–1.3 m/s in normotensives | |
| Bogalusa Heart Study(39) | United States | 2000–2002 | 446 | 58.1% | 43.3 | 6.8 | Aortic-femoral, ultrasound | White: 5.1 m/s |
6.9 m/s |
| Black: 5.3 m/s |
7.0 m/s |
||||||||
| Total: 6.1 m/s |
6.9 m/s |
||||||||
| Investigations Préventives et Cliniques (3) | France | 1992–1993 | 483 | 36% | 51.2 | 6 | Carotid-femoral, tonometric | Normotensive: 9.8 m/s |
10.4 m/s |
| Treated hypertensive: 11.4 m/s |
12.2 m/s |
||||||||
| Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital(36) | Taiwan | 2006–2010 | 577 | 61% | 54.5 | 4.2 | Single point pulse, ultrasound | Change per year: | |
| Men: 0.20 m/s | |||||||||
| Women: 0.18 m/s | |||||||||
| Electron-Beam Tomography, Risk Factor Assessment Among Japanese and U.S. Men in the Post-World War II Birth Cohort (26) | United States | 2000–2006 | 240 | 0% | 45.0 | 4.6 | Carotid-femoral, tonometric |
8.4 m/s |
annual change: 0.3% |
| Framingham Heart Study (38) | United States | 1998–2001 | 1759 from the Offspring cohort | 55% | 60.0 | 6.5 | Carotid-femoral, tonometric | 9.6 m/s | 10.4 m/s |
| Harbin, China study(73) | China | 2006–2007 | 2297 | 40.6% | 51.2 | 5 | Brachial-ankle, oscillometry | With NAFLD: 12.3 m/s |
13.3 m/s |
| Without NAFLD: 11.7 m/s |
12.3 m/s |
||||||||
| Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study (74) | Japan | 2008–2010 | 8004 | 67.6% | 53.1 | 5 | CAVI, oscillometry | 7.4 m/s | 7.9 ms |
| The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (34) | United States | 2000–2002 | 1160 | 55% | 60.0 | 10 | Magnetic resonance imaging | 6.7 m/s | 8.1 m/s |
| SardiNIA Study (25) | Italy | 4358 | 58.5% | 43.7 | 5.4 | Carotid-femoral, ultrasound | 6.7 m/s | NR | |
| Community-based follow-up cohort study in Shijingshan district (75) | China | 2007–2009 | 1680 | 60% | 61 | 5 | CAVI | 7.38 | 7.85 |
| The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation Heart (27) | United States | 2001–2003 | 608 | 100% | 42–52 | 2.3 | Carotid-femoral, ultrasound | White: 7.9 m/s |
8.4 m/s |
| Black: 8.2 m/s |
9.3 m/s |
||||||||
| Total: 8.0 m/s |
8.7 m/s |
||||||||
| Taichung Community Health Study (40) | Taiwan | 2004–2005 | 1,648 | 49% | 56 | 3 | Brachial-ankle, oscillometry | No MetS: 9.5 cm/s 3 yr change | |
| MetS: 31.1 cm/s 3 yr change | |||||||||
| Whitehall-II study (8) | United Kingdom | 2008–2009 | 5196 | 26% | 65 | 4 | Carotid-femoral, tonometric | 8.4 m/s | |
| Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (68) | United States | 2011–2013 | 6,538 | 58.8% | 75.8 | 5 | Carotid-femoral, oscillometry | Repeat measures in progress (2016–2018) | |
NR: Not Recorded
CAVI: Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index
NAFLD: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
MetS: Metabolic Syndrome