. 2018 Dec 4;28(1):53–82. doi: 10.1044/2018_AJSLP-18-0037

Table 6.

Motor speech and speech classifications in group participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and individual data on speech history, velopharyngeal dysfunction, and speech ratings at assessment.

Participants			Speech history		Velopharyngeal dysfunction			Speech ratings ^a
No.	Motor speech classification	Speech classification	Speech therapy ^b	Age at onset of therapy	Management	Current or past signs ^b	Current severity ^c	Hypernasality	Hyponasality	ANE
7	No MSD	NSA	+	3 mos	Pharyngeal flap	+	2	2	1	0
8	No MSD	NSA	+	4 yrs	None	−	1	0	0	0
17	No MSD	NSA	NR	NR	Pharyngeal flap	+	2	2	0	2
2	SMD	PSD	+	3.5 yrs	Pharyngeal flap	+	2	2	0	2
5	SMD	SD	+	2 yrs	None	+	2	3	0	1
10	SMD	NSA	+	2 yrs	Palate repair	+	2	2	0	0
12	SMD	NSA	+	NR	None	+	1	1	1	0
15	SMD	SD	+	9 mos	None	−	1	0	0	0
1	CD	PSD	+	2.5 yrs	Palatal lift	+	1	0	0	1
6	CD	SD	+	1 yr	Pharyngeal flap	+	2	3	0	2
11	CD	PSD	+	6 yrs	None	+	1	1	0	1
14	CD	NSA	+	birth	Pharyngeal flap	+	1	0	0	1
16	CD	PSD	+	4 yrs	Pharyngeal flap	+	2	2	0	2
3	CAS	SD	+	7 mos	Sphincter pharyngoplasty	+	1	1	0	1
9	CAS	NSA	+	9 mos	Pharyngeal flap	+	1	1	1	0
4	CD&CAS	PSD	+	20 mos	Pharyngeal flap	+	3	4	1	1
13	CD&CAS	PSD	NR	NR	None	−	1	0	2	0

Note. No MSD = no motor speech disorder; NSA = normal(ized) speech acquisition; mos = months; yrs = years; NR = not reported/unknown; SMD = speech motor delay; PSD = persistent speech delay; SD = speech delay; CD = childhood dysarthria; CAS = childhood apraxia of speech; ANE = audible nasal emission.

Speech ratings were based on conversational speech samples using the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech-Augmented–Americleft Modification Rating Scales. Hypernasality: 0 = absent, 1 = borderline/minimal with some perceptible increase in nasal resonance, 2 = mild with hypernasality evident on high vowels, 3 = moderate with hypernasality evident on vowels, and 4 = severe with increased nasal resonance on vowels and voiced consonants. Hyponasality: 0 = absent, 1 = mild with partial denasalization of nasal consonants, and 2 = marked with denasalization of nasal consonants and adjacent vowels. ANE/nasal turbulence (accompanying target consonant): 0 = absent, 1 = occasionally/seldom noted, and 2 = frequently noted.

+ = yes; − = no.

1 = minimal to none: hypernasality rating of 0 or 1 and ANE rating of 0 or 1; 2 = mild to moderate: hypernasality rating of 2 or 3, with or without ANE rating of 1 or 2; 3 = severe: hypernasality rating of 4 with ANE rating of 1 or 2.